The gain of function SCN1A disorder spectrum: novel epilepsy phenotypes and therapeutic implications.

Brain voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.1 (SCN1A) loss-of-function variants cause the severe epilepsy Dravet syndrome, as well as milder phenotypes associated with genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Gain of function SCN1A variants are associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 3. Novel SCN1A-related phenotypes have been described including early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with movement disorder, and more recently neonatal presentations with arthrogryposis. Here we describe the clinical, genetic and functional evaluation of affected individuals. Thirty-five patients were ascertained via an international collaborative network using a structured clinical questionnaire and from the literature. We performed whole-cell voltage-clamp electrophysiological recordings comparing sodium channels containing wild-type versus variant NaV1.1 subunits. Findings were related to Dravet syndrome and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3 variants. We identified three distinct clinical presentations differing by age at onset and presence of arthrogryposis and/or movement disorder. The most severely affected infants (n = 13) presented with congenital arthrogryposis, neonatal onset epilepsy in the first 3 days of life, tonic seizures and apnoeas, accompanied by a significant movement disorder and profound intellectual disability. Twenty-one patients presented later, between 2 weeks and 3 months of age, with a severe early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and a movement disorder. One patient presented after 3 months with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy only. Associated SCN1A variants cluster in regions of channel inactivation associated with gain of function, different to Dravet syndrome variants (odds ratio = 17.8; confidence interval = 5.4-69.3; P = 1.3 × 10-7). Functional studies of both epilepsy and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3 variants reveal alterations of gating properties in keeping with neuronal hyperexcitability. While epilepsy variants result in a moderate increase in action current amplitude consistent with mild gain of function, familial hemiplegic migraine type 3 variants induce a larger effect on gating properties, in particular the increase of persistent current, resulting in a large increase of action current amplitude, consistent with stronger gain of function. Clinically, 13 out of 16 (81%) gain of function variants were associated with a reduction in seizures in response to sodium channel blocker treatment (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine or lacosamide) without evidence of symptom exacerbation. Our study expands the spectrum of gain of function SCN1A-related epilepsy phenotypes, defines key clinical features, provides novel insights into the underlying disease mechanisms between SCN1A-related epilepsy and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3, and identifies sodium channel blockers as potentially efficacious therapies. Gain of function disease should be considered in early onset epilepsies with a pathogenic SCN1A variant and non-Dravet syndrome phenotype.

First female with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome and partial deletion of X-inactivation center.

Allan-Herndon-Dudley is an X-linked recessive syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in the SLC16A2 gene. Clinical manifestations are a consequence of impaired thyroid metabolism and aberrant transport of thyroid hormones to the brain. Carrier females are generally asymptomatic and may show subtle symptoms of the disease. We describe a female with a complete Allan-Herndon-Dudley phenotype, carrying a de novo 543-kb deletion of the X chromosome. The deletion encompasses exon 1 of the SLC16A2 gene and JPX and FTX genes; it is known that the latter two genes participate in the X-inactivation process upregulating XIST gene expression. Subsequent studies in the patient demonstrated the preferential expression of the X chromosome with the JPX and FTX deletion.

Lactante con tortícolis aguda al despertar / Acute torticollis on awakening in an infant

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Hydrocephalus in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: New case and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare disorder of the lysine metabolism, characterized by a pharmacoresistant epileptic encephalopathy that usually begins in the neonatal period. However, its phenotypic spectrum is wide and not limited to seizures. We report a new case of PDE who developed hydrocephalus, along with an exhaustive review of the literature. CASE REPORT: Our patient presented with seizures at 13 h of life. Antiepileptic drugs, vitamins and cofactors were required to achieve seizure control. Laboratory tests were congruent with PDE. She remained seizure-free until age five months, when seizures reappeared in the context of increasing head size and irritability. A cranial ultrasound showed hydrocephalus, for which she underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting. DISCUSSION: Seven other patients with same features have been previously reported. Seizure onset occurred within the first 7 days in all patients. Most of the children developed hydrocephalus at 6-7 months of age. In 4 out of 7 a genetic mutation was identified, despite the accurate etiology of hydrocephalus was unknown in most of them. The case we report behaved similarly to the others previously described. We postulate that the pathogenesis of this complication could be related to the high expression of antiquitin in choroid plexus epithelium, where the cerebrospinal fluid is produced. CONCLUSIONS: patients with PDE should be closely monitored, since they may present severe complications. We highlight the development of hydrocephalus, an uncommon but potentially life-threatening problem reported in 8 patients up to present time.

Parálisis braquial obstétrica: incidencia, seguimiento evolutivo y factores pronósticos / Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: incidence, monitoring of progress and prognostic factors

Introducción. La parálisis braquial obstétrica se relaciona con la distocia de hombros, y su principal factor de riesgo es la macrosomía. Su incidencia se estima entre 0,1 y 6,3 casos por 1.000 recién nacidos vivos. La mayoría de los casos se resuelve, pero puede provocar déficit funcional permanente, por lo que es de interés identificar posibles factores pronósticos. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de los recién nacidos con parálisis del plexo braquial obstétrica nacidos en el hospital entre los años 2011 y 2015. Se han recogido variables maternas, perinatales, obstétricas y del tipo de lesión, y se han relacionado con la posibilidad de la recuperación a los seis meses. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron 32 casos, lo que supone una incidencia del 1,44‰ de recién nacidos vivos. El 59% fueron varones, y el 37,5%, macrosómicos. La afectación más frecuente fue la lesión del plexo a nivel proximal (94%). El 44% sufrió distocia de hombros, y el 47% permaneció con secuelas al sexto mes. El antecedente de distocia de hombros se relacionó con mal pronóstico de recuperación. Conclusiones. La incidencia de parálisis braquial obstétrica se mantiene estable en los últimos años. El porcentaje de niños que presentan secuelas a los seis meses es relevante. Son necesarios estudios prospectivos para poder establecer los factores pronósticos a largo plazo de esta patología (AU)

Introduction. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is related with shoulder dystocia, and its main risk factor is macrosomia. Its incidence is estimated to be between 0.1 and 6.3 cases per 1,000 live newborn infants. Most cases are resolved but can give rise to permanent functional deficiency, which means that there is an interest to identify possible prognostic factors. Patients and methods. We conducted a descriptive study of newborn infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy born in our hospital between the years 2011 and 2015. Maternal, perinatal and obstetric variables, as well as the type of lesion, were collected and were related with the possibility of recovery at six months. Results. Altogether 32 cases were diagnosed, which represents an incidence of 1.44‰ of live newborn infants. 59% were males and 37.5% of them were macrosomic. The most frequent disorder was injury to the plexus at the proximal level (94%). 44% suffered from shoulder dystocia, and 47% still had sequelae at the sixth month. The antecedent of shoulder dystocia was related with a poor prognosis for recovery. Conclusions. The incidence of obstetric brachial plexus palsy has remained stable in recent years. The percentage of children who present sequelae at six months is significant. Prospective studies are needed to be able to establish the longterm prognostic factors of this pathology (AU)

Parálisis bilateral delVI par craneal como manifestación inicial de la meningitis meningocócica / Bilateral abducens nerve palsy as the initial clinical manifestation of meningococcal meningitis

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Alteraciones del lenguaje en la cerebelitis aguda: más allá de la disartria / Language disorders in acute cerebellitis: beyond dysarthria

Introducción. La cerebelitis aguda es una de las principales causas de síndrome cerebeloso en la infancia. Entre un amplio elenco de manifestaciones, en el que predominan la cefalea y la ataxia, podemos encontrar otras menos habituales, aunque interesantes, como las alteraciones del lenguaje, más allá de la bien conocida disartria cerebelosa. Las diferentes combinaciones en que pueden aparecer los síntomas, especialmente cuando no se acompañan de ataxia, hacen de este cuadro un verdadero reto para el clínico. Casos clínicos. Se presentan dos pacientes, de 2 y 4 años, con clínica, pruebas de laboratorio y neuroimagen compatibles con cerebelitis aguda parainfecciosa, que asociaron una llamativa alteración del lenguaje, uno en forma de mutismo cerebeloso y otro en forma de hipofluencia y agramatismo, y este último cursaba además en ausencia de ataxia. La evolución de ambos casos fue buena, y persistieron leves alteraciones del habla en el seguimiento posterior. Conclusiones. Casos como éstos amplían el espectro de manifestaciones clínicas de la cerebelitis aguda. Cada vez cobra mayor importancia la participación del cerebelo en procesos neurocognitivos como el lenguaje y, aunque muchos aspectos son aún especulativos, alcanzar a definir su verdadero papel tendrá una repercusión en el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el pronóstico a largo plazo de estos pacientes (AU)

Introduction. Acute cerebellitis is one of the main causes of cerebellar syndrome in infancy. Among the wide range of manifestations, headache and ataxia being the most predominant, we can find other less frequent, although nonetheless interesting, ones, such as language disorders, which go beyond the well-known cerebellar dysarthria. The different combinations in which the symptoms can appear, especially when not accompanied by ataxia, make the condition a real challenge for the clinician. Case reports. Two patients, aged 2 and 4 years, with clinical features, lab tests and neuroimaging results consistent with parainfectious acute cerebellitis. Both of them also presented a striking language disorder, one in the form of cerebellar mutism and the other in the form of hypofluency and agrammatism, the latter also developing in the absence of ataxia. Both cases progressed favourably, and mild speech alterations persisted in the follow-up visits. Conclusions. Cases such as these expand the range of clinical manifestations of acute cerebellitis. The involvement of the cerebellum in neurocognitive processes like language is becoming increasingly more important and, although many aspects are still only speculations, managing to define its true role will have important repercussions on the diagnosis, treatment and long-term prognosis of these patients (AU)

Respuesta terapéutica a piridoxina y piridostigmina en un caso pediátrico de polineuropatía periférica y craneal grave por vincristina / Therapeutic response to pyridoxine and pyridostigmine in a paediatric case of severe peripheral and cranial polyneuropathy due to vincristine

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Ictus en pacientes pediátricos con anemia falciforme / Stroke in paediatric patients with sickle-cell anaemia

Introducción. La anemia falciforme es la forma homocigota, grave, de drepanocitosis, un trastorno genético, frecuente en raza negra, caracterizado por la producción de hemoglobina S, anemia hemolítica crónica e isquemia tisular por alteración del flujo sanguíneo. Una cuarta parte de los pacientes presenta manifestaciones neurológicas; el 8-10% de los niños sufrirá un ictus. Objetivo. Analizar los casos de ictus en niños con anemia falciforme en nuestro centro. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de niños con anemia falciforme e ictus. Resultados. Se recogieron cinco pacientes (dos dominicanos y tres guineanos) con anemia falciforme e ictus; un paciente sufrió dos episodios ictales. La edad media fue de 27 meses. Cinco episodios fueron infartos isquémicos. El ictus fue la forma de inicio de la drepanocitosis en tres ocasiones. Dos de los ictus ocurrieron en un contexto de meningitis neumocócica. En cuatro pacientes hubo fiebre previa. La clínica inicial fue hemiparesia en cuatro casos. La hemoglobina media al diagnóstico de ictus fue de 6,5 g/dL. En tres pacientes se hallaron alteraciones en la ecografía transcraneal y, en todos los pacientes, lesiones en la resonancia magnética, que en la mitad eran bilaterales. Tras el ictus se inició un protocolo de régimen hipertransfusional, y sólo un paciente presentó un nuevo ictus, que desarrolló un síndrome moya-moya y fue sometido a una revascularización indirecta, con buena evolución, sin presentar nuevos eventos isquémicos posteriores. Conclusiones. La drepanocitosis es una enfermedad emergente en nuestro medio debido a la inmigración. Debe sospecharse en ictus pediátricos asociados a anemia, sobre todo en menores de 5 años de raza negra no sometidos a cribado neonatal (AU)

Introduction. Sickle-cell anaemia is the severe homozygotic form of drepanocytosis, a genetic disorder that often occurs among black people and which is characterised by the production of haemoglobin S, chronic hemolytic anaemia and tissue ischaemia due to alterations in blood flow. A quarter of the patients presented neurological manifestations; 8-10% of children will have a stroke. Aim. To analyse the cases of stroke in children with sickle-cell anaemia in our centre. Patients and methods. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of children with sickle-cell anaemia and stroke. Results. Five patients (two Dominicans and three Guineans) with sickle-cell anaemia and stroke; one patient suffered two episodes of stroke. The mean age was 27 months. Five of the episodes were ischaemic infarctions. Stroke was the initial form of presentation of drepanocytosis on three occasions. Two of the strokes occurred within a context of pneumococcal meningitis. Four of the patients had previously reported fever. The initial clinical picture was hemiparesis in four cases. Mean haemoglobin on diagnosing the stroke was 6.5 g/dL. Transcranial ultrasound imaging revealed alterations in three patients and, in all the patients, magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions, which were bilateral in half the cases. Following the stroke, a hypertransfusion regimen protocol was established and only one patient presented a new stroke. This same patient went on to develop moya-moya disease and was submitted to an indirect revascularisation; the patient progressed well, without presenting any new ischaemic events. Conclusions. Drepanocytosis is a disease that is emerging in our setting as a result of immigration. It should be suspected in cases of paediatric strokes associated to anaemia, above all in black children under the age of five who were not submitted to neonatal screening (AU)

[Stroke in paediatric patients with sickle-cell anaemia]. / Ictus en pacientes pediátricos con anemia falciforme.

INTRODUCTION: Sickle-cell anaemia is the severe homozygotic form of drepanocytosis, a genetic disorder that often occurs among black people and which is characterised by the production of haemoglobin S, chronic hemolytic anaemia and tissue ischaemia due to alterations in blood flow. A quarter of the patients presented neurological manifestations; 8-10% of children will have a stroke. AIM. To analyse the cases of stroke in children with sickle-cell anaemia in our centre. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of children with sickle-cell anaemia and stroke. RESULTS: Five patients (two Dominicans and three Guineans) with sickle-cell anaemia and stroke; one patient suffered two episodes of stroke. The mean age was 27 months. Five of the episodes were ischaemic infarctions. Stroke was the initial form of presentation of drepanocytosis on three occasions. Two of the strokes occurred within a context of pneumococcal meningitis. Four of the patients had previously reported fever. The initial clinical picture was hemiparesis in four cases. Mean haemoglobin on diagnosing the stroke was 6.5 g/dL. Transcranial ultrasound imaging revealed alterations in three patients and, in all the patients, magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions, which were bilateral in half the cases. Following the stroke, a hypertransfusion regimen protocol was established and only one patient presented a new stroke. This same patient went on to develop moya-moya disease and was submitted to an indirect revascularisation; the patient progressed well, without presenting any new ischaemic events. CONCLUSIONS: Drepanocytosis is a disease that is emerging in our setting as a result of immigration. It should be suspected in cases of paediatric strokes associated to anaemia, above all in black children under the age of five who were not submitted to neonatal screening.

TITLE: Ictus en pacientes pediatricos con anemia falciforme.Introduccion. La anemia falciforme es la forma homocigota, grave, de drepanocitosis, un trastorno genetico, frecuente en raza negra, caracterizado por la produccion de hemoglobina S, anemia hemolitica cronica e isquemia tisular por alteracion del flujo sanguineo. Una cuarta parte de los pacientes presenta manifestaciones neurologicas; el 8-10% de los niños sufrira un ictus. Objetivo. Analizar los casos de ictus en niños con anemia falciforme en nuestro centro. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de niños con anemia falciforme e ictus. Resultados. Se recogieron cinco pacientes (dos dominicanos y tres guineanos) con anemia falciforme e ictus; un paciente sufrio dos episodios ictales. La edad media fue de 27 meses. Cinco episodios fueron infartos isquemicos. El ictus fue la forma de inicio de la drepanocitosis en tres ocasiones. Dos de los ictus ocurrieron en un contexto de meningitis neumococica. En cuatro pacientes hubo fiebre previa. La clinica inicial fue hemiparesia en cuatro casos. La hemoglobina media al diagnostico de ictus fue de 6,5 g/dL. En tres pacientes se hallaron alteraciones en la ecografia transcraneal y, en todos los pacientes, lesiones en la resonancia magnetica, que en la mitad eran bilaterales. Tras el ictus se inicio un protocolo de regimen hipertransfusional, y solo un paciente presento un nuevo ictus, que desarrollo un sindrome moya-moya y fue sometido a una revascularizacion indirecta, con buena evolucion, sin presentar nuevos eventos isquemicos posteriores. Conclusiones. La drepanocitosis es una enfermedad emergente en nuestro medio debido a la inmigracion. Debe sospecharse en ictus pediatricos asociados a anemia, sobre todo en menores de 5 años de raza negra no sometidos a cribado neonatal.

[Neurodevelopmental disorders as the presenting symptom of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy]. / Trastornos del neurodesarrollo como forma de presentación de la distrofia muscular de Duchenne.

TITLE: Trastornos del neurodesarrollo como forma de presentacion de la distrofia muscular de Duchenne.

Trastornos del neurodesarrollo como forma de presentación de la distrofia muscular de Duchenne / Neurodevelopmental disorders as the presenting symptom of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

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[The use of the ketogenic diet as treatment for refractory epilepsy in the paediatric age]. / Experiencia en el tratamiento con dieta cetogenica de la epilepsia refractaria en la edad pediatrica.

INTRODUCTION: Between 23% and 25% of epileptic children are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In recent times there has been a renewed interest in the ketogenic diet as treatment in these patients who are not candidates for other therapeutic options. AIMS. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatment with the ketogenic diet in an important number of paediatric patients with refractory epilepsy in our centre and to determine whether the results obtained are consistent with others recently reported in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of 41 children with refractory epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet, mostly the Radcliffe II-type diet, between 1998 and 2011. Their median age on starting the diet was 3.92 years old. RESULTS: At six months after beginning the diet, the number of crises was reduced by at least 50% in 36.84% of the sample (10.53% of the children reached a 90% reduction and 5.26% no longer suffered crises). Around 50% of those in the youngest age group responded positively. Some tolerable, transient side effects were experienced by 58.54% of the patients, consisting mainly in high levels of cholesterol and constipation; no variations in the anthropomorphic parameters were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The ketogenic diet is a good therapeutic alternative in cases of refractory epilepsy in the paediatric age. Moreover, the younger the child is on starting on the diet, the more likely he or she is to gain benefits from it. In general it is well tolerated. Regular check-ups with supervision of these patients' nutrition are of great importance.

TITLE: Experiencia en el tratamiento con dieta cetogenica de la epilepsia refractaria en la edad pediatrica.Introduccion. El 23-25% de los niños epilepticos son refractarios a farmacos antiepilepticos. El interes por la dieta cetogenica como tratamiento en estos pacientes no candidatos a otras opciones terapeuticas ha resurgido ultimamente. Objetivo. Valorar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento con dieta cetogenica en un importante numero de pacientes pediatricos con epilepsia refractaria en nuestro centro y determinar si los resultados obtenidos corroboran otros de publicacion reciente. Pacientes y metodos. Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clinicas de 41 niños con epilepsia refractaria que fueron tratados con dieta cetogenica entre 1998 y 2011, la mayoria con dieta tipo Radcliffe II. La mediana de edad al inicio de la dieta fue de 3,92 años. Resultados. A los seis meses del inicio de la dieta se redujeron las crisis en al menos un 50% en un 36,84% de la muestra (el 10,53% de los niños alcanzo mas de un 90% de reduccion y un 5,26% quedo sin crisis). Aproximadamente un 50% por grupo de edad en los mas pequeños respondio de manera positiva. Un 58,54% de los pacientes presento algun efecto secundario, tolerable y transitorio, principalmente elevacion de los niveles de colesterol y estreñimiento, sin observarse variacion en los parametros antropometricos. Conclusiones. La dieta cetogenica supone una buena alternativa terapeutica en los casos de epilepsia refractaria en la edad pediatrica, con mayor probabilidad de beneficio cuanto menor sea la edad del niño al inicio de la dieta. En general, es bien tolerada. Son de gran importancia en estos pacientes las revisiones periodicas con control nutricional.

Experiencia en el tratamiento con dieta etogénica de la epilepsia refractaria en la edad pediátrica / The use of the ketogenic diet as treatment for refractory epilepsy in the paediatric age

Introducción. El 23-25% de los niños epilépticos son refractarios a fármacos antiepilépticos. El interés por la dieta cetogénica como tratamiento en estos pacientes no candidatos a otras opciones terapéuticas ha resurgido últimamente. Objetivo. Valorar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento con dieta cetogénica en un importante número de pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia refractaria en nuestro centro y determinar si los resultados obtenidos corroboran otros de publicación reciente. Pacientes y métodos. Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de 41 niños con epilepsia refractaria que fueron tratados con dieta cetogénica entre 1998 y 2011, la mayoría con dieta tipo Radcliffe II. La mediana de edad al inicio de la dieta fue de 3,92 años. Resultados. A los seis meses del inicio de la dieta se redujeron las crisis en al menos un 50% en un 36,84% de la muestra (el 10,53% de los niños alcanzó más de un 90% de reducción y un 5,26% quedó sin crisis). Aproximadamente un 50% por grupo de edad en los más pequeños respondió de manera positiva. Un 58,54% de los pacientes presentó algún efecto secundario, tolerable y transitorio, principalmente elevación de los niveles de colesterol y estreñimiento, sin observarse variación en los parámetros antropométricos. Conclusiones. La dieta cetogénica supone una buena alternativa terapéutica en los casos de epilepsia refractaria en la edad pediátrica, con mayor probabilidad de beneficio cuanto menor sea la edad del niño al inicio de la dieta. En general, es bien tolerada. Son de gran importancia en estos pacientes las revisiones periódicas con control nutricional (AU)

Introduction. Between 23% and 25% of epileptic children are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In recent times there has been a renewed interest in the ketogenic diet as treatment in these patients who are not candidates for other therapeutic options. Aims. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatment with the ketogenic diet in an important number of paediatric patients with refractory epilepsy in our centre and to determine whether the results obtained are consistent with others recently reported in the literature. Patients and methods. A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of 41 children with refractory epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet, mostly the Radcliffe II-type diet, between 1998 and 2011. Their median age on starting the diet was 3.92 years old. Results. At six months after beginning the diet, the number of crises was reduced by at least 50% in 36.84% of the sample (10.53% of the children reached a 90% reduction and 5.26% no longer suffered crises). Around 50% of those in the youngest age group responded positively. Some tolerable, transient side effects were experienced by 58.54% of the patients, consisting mainly in high levels of cholesterol and constipation; no variations in the anthropomorphic parameters were observed. Conclusions. The ketogenic diet is a good therapeutic alternative in cases of refractory epilepsy in the paediatric age. Moreover, the younger the child is on starting on the diet, the more likely he or she is to gain benefits from it. In general it is well tolerated. Regular check-ups with supervision of these patients’ nutrition are of great importance (AU)

Síndrome de Aicardi: estudio retrospectivo de una serie de siete casos / Aicardi syndrome: retrospective study of a series of seven case reports

Introducción. El síndrome de Aicardi es un trastorno presumiblemente dominante ligado al cromosoma X, que afecta en exclusiva a mujeres, clásicamente definido por la tríada de agenesia del cuerpo calloso, lagunas coriorretinianas y espasmos infantiles, letal en varones en la vida intrauterina. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticadas y seguidas hasta el final de la edad pediátrica de síndrome de Aicardi en dos hospitales universitarios durante un período de 29 años. Resultados. Encontramos siete niñas, todas desarrollaron espasmos infantiles antes de los 6 meses de edad. La evolución fue a espasmos más allá de la infancia (n = 2), a epilepsia parcial farmacorresistente (n = 3) y a epilepsia parcial bien controlada (n = 1). Seis casos presentaron retraso mental grave-profundo, y uno, moderado-grave. Fallecieron dos niñas a los 2 y 6 años. En todas, los estudios de neuroimagen mostraron agenesia del cuerpo calloso, quistes intracraneales y malformaciones del desarrollo cortical cerebral, además de lesiones oftalmológicas: lagunas coriorretinianas (n = 7), anoftalmia/microftalmia (n = 4) y coloboma del nervio óptico (n = 3). Otros hallazgos fueron cardiopatía ongénita, anomalías costovertebrales, linfangioma cervical e hipertricosis focal. Conclusiones. El síndrome de Aicardi debe sospecharse en niñas con espasmos infantiles y agenesia del cuerpo calloso. Deben descartarse en estas pacientes las alteraciones oftalmológicas, las anomalías de la migración y organización neuronal y los quistes intracraneales. El pronóstico es grave por su elevada morbimortalidad y por la frecuente evolución a epilepsia refractaria y retraso mental grave (AU)

Introduction. The Aicardi syndrome is a disorder presumably X-linked dominant, classically defined by the triad of agenesis of the corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae and infantile spasms, with lethality in males. Patients and methods. Retrospective descriptive study of patients diagnosed with Aicardi syndrome over a period of 29 years in two tertiary pediatric hospitals. Results. We found seven women that developed infantile spasms before 6 months of age, epileptic spasms persisting beyond infancy in two cases, a refractory symptomatic partial epilepsy in three patients, and well-controlled partial epilepsy in one girl. Six cases presented severe-profound mental retardation and moderate-severe in a girl. Two girls died at 2 and 6 years-old. In all patients neuroimaging studies showed agenesis of the corpus callosum, intracranial cysts and malformations of cortical development. Ophthalmological lesions were chorioretinal lacunae in seven cases, anophthalmia/microphthalmia in four girls and optic nerve coloboma in three patients. Other findings were congenital heart disease, costovertebral abnormalities, cervical lymphangioma and focal hypertrichosis. Conclusions. The Aicardi syndrome should be suspected in girls with infantile spasms and agenesis of the corpus callosum. It is necessary to rule out these ophthalmologic abnormalities, malformations of cortical development and intracranial cysts. The prognosis is poor due to its high mortality and its evolution to refractory epilepsy and profound mental retardation (AU)

[Aicardi syndrome: retrospective study of a series of seven case reports]. / Sindrome de Aicardi: estudio retrospectivo de una serie de siete casos.

INTRODUCTION: The Aicardi syndrome is a disorder presumably X-linked dominant, classically defined by the triad of agenesis of the corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae and infantile spasms, with lethality in males. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of patients diagnosed with Aicardi syndrome over a period of 29 years in two tertiary pediatric hospitals. RESULTS: We found seven women that developed infantile spasms before 6 months of age, epileptic spasms persisting beyond infancy in two cases, a refractory symptomatic partial epilepsy in three patients, and well-controlled partial epilepsy in one girl. Six cases presented severe-profound mental retardation and moderate-severe in a girl. Two girls died at 2 and 6 years-old. In all patients neuroimaging studies showed agenesis of the corpus callosum, intracranial cysts and malformations of cortical development. Ophthalmological lesions were chorioretinal lacunae in seven cases, anophthalmia/microphthalmia in four girls and optic nerve coloboma in three patients. Other findings were congenital heart disease, costovertebral abnormalities, cervical lymphangioma and focal hypertrichosis. CONCLUSIONS: The Aicardi syndrome should be suspected in girls with infantile spasms and agenesis of the corpus callosum. It is necessary to rule out these ophthalmologic abnormalities, malformations of cortical development and intracranial cysts. The prognosis is poor due to its high mortality and its evolution to refractory epilepsy and profound mental retardation.

TITLE: Sindrome de Aicardi: estudio retrospectivo de una serie de siete casos.Introduccion. El sindrome de Aicardi es un trastorno presumiblemente dominante ligado al cromosoma X, que afecta en exclusiva a mujeres, clasicamente definido por la triada de agenesia del cuerpo calloso, lagunas coriorretinianas y espasmos infantiles, letal en varones en la vida intrauterina. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticadas y seguidas hasta el final de la edad pediatrica de sindrome de Aicardi en dos hospitales universitarios durante un periodo de 29 años. Resultados. Encontramos siete niñas, todas desarrollaron espasmos infantiles antes de los 6 meses de edad. La evolucion fue a espasmos mas alla de la infancia (n = 2), a epilepsia parcial farmacorresistente (n = 3) y a epilepsia parcial bien controlada (n = 1). Seis casos presentaron retraso mental grave-profundo, y uno, moderado-grave. Fallecieron dos niñas a los 2 y 6 años. En todas, los estudios de neuroimagen mostraron agenesia del cuerpo calloso, quistes intracraneales y malformaciones del desarrollo cortical cerebral, ademas de lesiones oftalmologicas: lagunas coriorretinianas (n = 7), anoftalmia/microftalmia (n = 4) y coloboma del nervio optico (n = 3). Otros hallazgos fueron cardiopatia congenita, anomalias costovertebrales, linfangioma cervical e hipertricosis focal. Conclusiones. El sindrome de Aicardi debe sospecharse en niñas con espasmos infantiles y agenesia del cuerpo calloso. Deben descartarse en estas pacientes las alteraciones oftalmologicas, las anomalias de la migracion y organizacion neuronal y los quistes intracraneales. El pronostico es grave por su elevada morbimortalidad y por la frecuente evolucion a epilepsia refractaria y retraso mental grave.